Understanding Gynaecological Cancers
Gynaecological cancers affect the female reproductive system and include five main types: cervical, ovarian, uterine (endometrial), vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Each year, approximately 110,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with a gynaecological cancer.
Types of Gynaecological Cancers
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix and is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). It's highly preventable through regular Pap smears and HPV vaccination.
- Symptoms: Abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse
- Prevention: HPV vaccination, regular Pap smears
- Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
Ovarian Cancer
Often called the "silent killer" because symptoms are often subtle and non-specific. It has the highest mortality rate among gynaecological cancers.
- Symptoms: Bloating, pelvic pain, difficulty eating, urinary urgency
- Risk factors: Age, family history, BRCA mutations
- Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy
Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer
The most common gynaecological cancer, typically affecting postmenopausal women. Early detection is common due to noticeable symptoms.
- Symptoms: Abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain
- Risk factors: Obesity, diabetes, hormone therapy
- Treatment: Surgery, radiation, hormone therapy
Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers
These are rare cancers that affect the external and internal female genital areas. HPV infection is a significant risk factor for both.
Risk Factors
- Age (most common after menopause)
- HPV infection
- Family history and genetic mutations (BRCA1/2)
- Obesity
- Hormone replacement therapy
- Smoking
- Multiple pregnancies or no pregnancies
Prevention Strategies
- HPV vaccination for eligible individuals
- Regular gynaecological exams and Pap smears
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Not smoking
- Limiting hormone replacement therapy
- Genetic counseling for high-risk individuals
Screening Guidelines
Cervical Cancer Screening
- Ages 21-29: Pap smear every 3 years
- Ages 30-65: Pap smear every 3 years or Pap + HPV test every 5 years
- Over 65: May stop screening if previous tests were normal
Treatment Advances
Treatment for gynaecological cancers has advanced significantly with:
- Minimally invasive surgical techniques
- Targeted therapies
- Immunotherapy options
- Personalized treatment based on genetic testing
- Fertility-preserving treatments for younger women
Living with Gynaecological Cancer
Support is crucial for women diagnosed with gynaecological cancers. This includes medical care, emotional support, and addressing concerns about sexuality, fertility, and quality of life.